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https://theconstructor.org/construction/tunnel-construction-methods/17167/
The cutting can be done by two methods. One is bottom up method in which a tunnel is excavated under the surface using ground support. Another method is top-down method in which side support walls are constructed first by slurry walling method or contiguous bored piling. Then roof is located on the top of the walls and excavation is carried out.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Austrian_Tunnelling_method
The New Austrian tunneling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method (SCL), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction. This technique first gained attention in the 1960s based on the work of Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. . The name NATM was intended to ...
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel/Tunneling-techniques
While these four broad types of ground condition require very different methods of excavation and ground support, nearly all tunneling operations nevertheless involve certain basic procedures: investigation, excavation and materials transport, ground support, and environmental control.
https://civildigital.com/complete-list-different-methods-tunnel-construction-principal-tunneling-types/
Methods of Tunnel Construction. The method of Tunnel construction adopted for a project depends on various factors. Tunnel construction and Tunnel Engineering is considered to be one of the most sophisticated and specialized art in the field of Civil Engineering.Unpredictable ground conditions, environmental requirements and geological factors makes Tunneling a challenging job.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel
Tunnels and underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature’s action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone.A vertical opening is usually called a shaft.Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/tunnel3.htm
The stand-up time for solid, very hard rock may measure in centuries. In this environment, extra support for the tunnel roof and walls may not be required. However, most tunnels pass through rock that contains breaks or pockets of fractured rock, so engineers must add additional support in the form of bolts, sprayed concrete or rings of steel ...
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228695379_Selecting_efficient_support_methods_for_tunnels
The Selection of efficient support methods for tunnelling is very important to reduce problems during construction and maintain project cost and time within the project budget and the planned ...
https://blog.geotechpedia.com/index.php/category/tunnel-support/
Jun 28, 2016 · Kovari, 2003 provides a thorough literature review regarding the use of rock bolts, shotcrete, steel ribs and the combination of these methods. In his paper provides historical literature regarding the use of all these support methods way before Rebcewicz proposed the “NEW” way of tunneling.
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